فصلنامه خون
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 34، بهار 1391)

Background and ObjectivesVon Willebrand Disease (vWD) is the most common inherited coagulation disorder in human beings. Quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) are the main causes of the disease. Various genetic factors can influence the plasma level of this protein in either the vWD patients or healthy people. In the present study, the RsaI polymorphism of the vWF gene coding region was analyzed. This polymorphism may be associated with the plasma level variations of the vWF.Materials and MethodsIn this descriptive study, the allele frequency of vWF RsaI polymorphism was assessed in 19 vWD patients and 50 controls through 2010. A fragment containing the RsaI polymorphism was amplified by using specific primers. Then, each PCR product was subjected to RFLP analysis using RsaI restriction enzyme digestion. The genotype of each sample was indicated as either homozygot (AA, GG) or heterozygote (AG) ResultsThe frequency of RsaI polymorphism “G” allele was 29% compared to the frequency of 71% for the allele “A” among 100 alleles of Iranian population. These frequencies were 23.6% and 76.3% for the “G” and “A” alleles, respectively, in vWD patients. On the other hand, “GG” homozygot genotype was more frequent among vWD patients compared to the healthy individuals (21% in vWD patients Vs 8% in healthy individuals). ConclusionsThe frequency of RsaI “G” allele in healthy Iranian population was in agreement with its predicted geographical distribution. Our results revealed that the homozygot GG genotype is detectable even in healthy individuals.

Background and ObjectivesThe specific activation of the immune system especially T lymphocytes has been a long-term goal of cancer immunotherapy. In an approach to induce the patient’s own immune cells, chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) were used to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The CAR consists of an antigen binding domain of antibody molecule linked through an extracellular linker to transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of lymphocyte-triggering moieties. Materials and MethodsIn our research group, variable domains of heavy chain antibodies (VHH or nanobody) derived from camelids were used instead of the antigen-binding domain in chimeric receptors constructs. To obtain a stable and increased expression of VHH harboring CAR, the PhiC31 integrase system was used for CAR gene integration into the T-cell genome. Constructs expressing CAR and PhiC31 integrase were co-transfected into the Jurkat cell line and CAR expression was quantified after one day and 30 days after transfection by a semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. ResultsOur results on day 30 confirmed that co-transfection of PhiC31 integrase constructs and CAR expressing constructs resulted in stable and high expression of the receptors. ConclusionsBased on our results, we conclude that PhiC31 integrase enzyme can be used for immunotherapy of cancer mediated by T cells expressing chimeric recetors.

Background and ObjectivesHepatitis C is the most common viral disease among intravenous drug users transmitted mainly through blood transfusion. In this study, we used an isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) in combination with a molecular beacon probe-based real-time assay for detection of HCV. Materials and MethodsIn this experimental study, the conserved 5’NCR region with the length of 241 bp was used for probe and primers design. In comparison with the standard, RNA virus detection sensitivity of the method was 100 percent for up to 500 copies/ ml. ResultsNo serological positive sample was detected with this assay; the clinical sensitivity of reaction was 96.6%. NCBI Nucleotide Blast showed 100% analytical specificity and no cross was observed with viruses or human genome. Investigation of 10 serological negative samples showed the clinical specificity to be 100%. ConclusionsIn summary, due to its isothermal nature, its speed, and its use for RNA specific amplification, NASBA real-time assay will have broad applications for the rapid detection of HCV in plasma samples.

Background and ObjectivesSome platelet membrane glycoprotein gene polymorphisms have been reported as potential factors related to cardiovascular complications. Recently, the -5T/C polymorphism located at the initiation element (Kozak sequence) of the platelet glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) translation was suggested to increase the platelet surface levels of GPIb-IX-V receptor; however, its function in the occurrence of arterial thrombotic disease is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the role of the GP Ibα -5T/C polymorphism in premature myocardial infraction among Iranian patients. Materials and MethodsTwo hundred subjects who underwent coronary angiography were studied on the basis of the study protocol through 2010. Patients (n=100) selected by WHO criteria and matched on age parameter with controls (n=100; Men <50 years old and Women < 55 years old). The genotype distribution of GP Ibα -5T/C polymorphism was evaluated by PCR-RLFP technique. ResultsThere were no significant differences in age, hypertension, and diabetes between the patients and controls. However, the sex, family history of CAD, smoking and hyperlipidemia had a significant difference between the two groups. The allele frequencies of C and T were calculated to be 0.13 and 0.87, respectively. In addition, the CC genotype showed to be a potential factor for the occurrence of myocardial infarction (p=0.56, OR = 3.06, CI(95%) = 0.31-29.94). ConclusionsAlthough no significant association was observed between the - 5C/T polymorphism and premature myocardial infraction, we considered that the C allele may be an effective factor for premature myocardial infraction.

Background and ObjectivesBeta-thalassemia major is the most prevalent genetic blood disorder in Iran. Several studies showed that chronic diseases have a negative impact on self-esteem, social and interpersonal relationships, and psychological health. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of loneliness, hopelessness, and self-esteem in thalassemic adolescents. Materials and MethodsIn this descriptive cross sectional study, 100 thalassemic patients participated through 2010. They were selected by convenience sampling from the Center for Special Diseases. The data were collected by self report. The instruments used in this study included the sampling and demographic data form, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Coopersmith Self-esteem Scale, and Loneliness Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS 14 software and using descriptive statistics, t- test, ANOVA, and coefficient Pearson correlation. ResultsThe findings indicated that the mean score of hopelessness was 6.12 ± 3.83, loneliness41.66 ± 5.12, and self-esteem 100.86 ± 14.04; 59% of thalassemic patients had low hopelessness, 51% moderate loneliness, and 55% moderate self esteem. There was a statistical significant correlation between the score of hopelessness and self-esteem (p=0.027), but there were not any statistical significant correlations between hopelessness and loneliness and between self-esteem and loneliness. ConclusionsThe results showed that thalassemia had a negative influence on the psychosocial aspects of adolescents’ life. Knowledge of the mechanisms and strategies to prevent psychosocial disorders and promote mental health of thalassemic patients is necessary. Nurses by assessing psychosocial needs, providing necessary psychosocial support, and making appropriate intervention can help promote mental health of thalassemic patients.

Background and ObjectivesSocial marketing, a new concept in marketing literature, has been widely adopted as an effective tool in health care promotion. This new philosophy in marketing context is likely to contribute to public health programs through the planned behavior theory. To achieve ultimate goals of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization(IBTO) in promoting regular voluntary donation, an integrated social marketing approach may positively influence potentional donors. Materials and MethodsIn this descriptive study data were collected by a designed questionnaire using convenience sampling plan. Data from 185 respondents were analyzed through 2010, by using SPSS16 and utilizing regression and correlation statistical methods. The survey was conducted among a population of voluntary blood donors in Mashhad Blood Transfusion Center. ResultsResults showed that variables under the planned behavior including normative, conceptual, and behavioral beliefs explain roughly 31% of changing tendency of blood donors. Moreover, based on the multiple regression estimations, perceptional beliefs appear to have the strongest impact on explaining donors’ tendency to change ConclusionsBecause of the impact of planned behavior model on individual inclination to blood donation, reinforcement strategies of behavioral dimensions, particularly perceptional belief is recommended as an appropriate tool for the fulfilment of the goals of IBTO.

Background and ObjectivesHematological parameters are influenced by physical activities. The purpose of this study was to survey the response of hematological factors to a circuit resistance training program with different intensities in athlete male students. Materials and MethodsIn this experimental study, 24 athlete male students (age, 24.46 ± 0.46 years; weight, 75.58 ± 1. 29 kg; height, 177. 25 ± 1.32 cm) took part in this study voluntarily. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups including three low, moderate and high intensities. Each group contained 8 people. Circuit resistance training program included ten stations, which took place in three sets with twenty seconds for each station. Subjects were asked to fast for 12 hours. Then, 10 ml blood samples pre and post exercise were taken from arm vena. All data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics (paired-samples t and ANOVA) through SPSS 16 software. ResultsPost exercise results showed a significant increase in the values of Hct and RBC in low intensity group, in Hct, RBC, Hb, and MCV in moderate intensity group, and in MCV, Hb, Hct, RBC, and WBC in high intensity group (p< 0.05). Also, significant decrease was seen in the values of MCHC and PV in moderate intensity group and PV, MCHC, and MCH in high intensity group (p< 0.05). ConclusionsResults showed circuit resistance training with progressively low, moderate and high intensities could specifically influence hematologic factors. Hence, it is recommended to coaches to consider intensity in designing circuit resistance training programs for athletes.

Background and ObjectivesAssuring safety and survival of blood in vitro depends on anti-coagulation substances, blood bag characteristics, storage conditions, and transport of blood. Besides, donor screening and blood tests can not delete the transmission risk of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge and practice among anesthesia technicians on blood transfusion standards.Materials and MethodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 60 anesthesia technicians of educational and teaching hospitals of Hamedan through 2006; questionnaires, check lists, and observations were used.ResultsFindings indicated that 24.68% have correct information while 75.32% do not have sufficient knowledg about the standards of blood transfusion; moreover, 72.66% were shown to have correct function but 27.34% do not. ConclusionsEmployees were mostly functioning based on experimental learning and habits and their knowledge was weak about blood transfusion and blood bag storage.

The study of different antigens on platelets which can produce antibodies, reactions between these antigens and antibodies which are able to induce different situations and diseases, and different tests to diagnose and manage such situations and diseases are important topics of platelet immunology. Knowledge about platelet antigens and antibodies that helps their roles in different diseases to be realised and further information about different tests for such disorders to be diagnosed and traced are useful.The present article introduces different topics about platelet immunology using 74 references. Platelet alloantigens included alloantigens shared with other cells (e.g: human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system and ABH system), and alloantigens that are assumed to be specific for platelets (e.g: human platelet antigen (HPA) system). Alloantibodies developed against any of these antigens through exposure by pregnancy, transfusion, or rarely transplantation are responsible for different diseases and transfusion reactions like alloimmune thrombocytopenic syndromes, neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), post transfusion purpura (PTP), platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR), passive alloimmune thrombocytopenia, and transplant-associated thrombocytopenia.To know how to detect these factors and interpret the results helps in using the right test to the right patient in right time to make a better diagnosis and treatment.